Summary
On a White House directive, the National Advisory Board on Impact Investing has sought to track growth and dissemination of impact investing in the United States. Twenty-eight firm commitments results in an initial value of over $1.5 billion in new impact investments, from within a diverse group. The amount of total investment would subsequent grow to $2.5 billion. The group continues to track and measure actual dollars deployed and impact achieved.
I got the call from the White House in May 2014. “We’re going to have some major new commitments of impact investment capital at the meeting in June. Would you be interested in helping us track how the money is spent?”
What do you say to a call like that when you run an impact investing research center? (Hint: You say yes.)
Earlier in 2014, I had been invited to be part of the United States National Advisory Board on Impact Investing (the NAB). An impressive group of impact investing professionals from industry, philanthropy, government and academia, we had been meeting for nearly a year under the auspices of the Social Impact Investment Taskforce established by the G8. Our purpose: to collect advice and make concrete recommendations for how U.S. policymakers could encourage more impact investing, and to participate in the larger global conversation among G8 countries around a global set of recommendations, released later through a set of coordinated international reports.1
But it was clear that to get press attention to our desired policy recommendations in Washington, D.C., the NAB needed to announce something tangible and new related to this impact investing marketplace. Jonathan Greenblatt, then the Director of the White House Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation, decided to see what new commitments private companies, funds, and philanthropies would be willing to make, alongside some significant commitments the U.S. government was preparing to announce that day.
By the time of our press event, on June 25, 2014, he had engaged 29 organizations who collectively promised to invest over $1.5 billion in new commitments to impact investing. It was a diverse group—private funds, foundation programs and endowments, investment banks, small family foundations, and nonprofit organizations. The way that Jonathan framed it to me was as intriguing then as it is today. He said, you know how some philanthropies have private pledges and they report the numbers up front? The White House wants to be sure the actions follow the words. Would we be willing to independently track the money that goes out by these investors and see what it actually achieves?
So, we jumped in. Our original announcement along with press releases and videos from the committing organizations is available for review on the NAB website.2 Much has been written about the success of the NAB’s recommendations, which resulted in some very important policy changes for pension funds and foundations.3
We got a big surprise when we went back to the committing organizations and asked them to tell us more about the amount and nature of their commitments. Twenty-nine phone calls later the $1.5 billion announced in the White House press release actually added up to $2.5 billion by 29 committers. (One of the committers closed down their investment activity between then and now.) This was good news.
Based on this initial data collection, we created a custom survey instrument and started surveying the group every year. We promised committers we would report results in the aggregate and keep individual deal information confidential unless we had their permission to report publicly. Last year, we joined the White House in reporting on a subset of the commitments focused on clean energy and climate solutions.4
Today, a little over two years after the original announcement, we’re announcing our first official White House Roundtable on Impact Investing CASE i3 Commitment Tracking Report.5 We’re pleased to see that almost half of the total dollars committed in 2014 were deployed by December 31, 2015, which is over $1 billion in new private impact investments. This amounts to $1.02 billion, or 42 percent of the $2.5 billion in original commitments. Importantly, we also see:
- 22 out of the 28 committers have been actively investing;
- Over 367 new investments have been signed, a mix of investments into funds and companies;
- $2.8 million was the average investment size, with the smallest investment at $5,000 and the largest at $100 million;
- 81 percent of the funds have gone to organizations based in the U.S.;
- 100 percent of the realized returns to date have met or exceeded their financial return targets; and
- 65 percent of money invested to date is being tracked by a 3rd-party certification around impact.
What are some lessons for the field from this project so far?
- Timing. It takes a while for investment capital to be deployed. It takes even longer for returns to be realized. Two years in the scheme of investing is a really short period of time. From the $1 billion already deployed into 367 investments, only seven investments have completed their lifecycle, giving them the opportunity to create overall returns for investors. Most of those, unsurprisingly, are debt vehicles. Two of them are actually the same debt fund investment, made by different committers.
- Purpose and Speed of Deployment. While 75 percent of the committers targeted environmental goals in their commitments, in terms of the money out the door, 65 percent of the deals done have targeted social goals, and 35 percent have targeted environmental goals. Also, on average, the social deals are smaller and the environmental deals are bigger. So it appears that sustainable investing represents both larger dollar amounts and a slower rate of deployment.
- Structural Creativity. The committers are incredibly diverse in terms of investment vehicle and structure. Some have committed personal funds going into family investment vehicles or foundations. Some have rolled money from one fund into another fund in order to build a new capital structure that can leverage other capital sources more effectively. Some have moved money from an endowment out of mainstream investments into impact products. Some had been investing this way for years, and some have been raising completely new capital into new funds. Some have created structures to match private capital with government sources. Investments are across asset class and in most impact areas you can imagine. If this were a focus group on current impact investing practices, the message would be, there is no one way to do impact investing!
- Financial Returns. Of the deals that have had realized returns, all seven of them report having met their financial targets. And the returns vary by asset class, from 2 percent for a special purpose vehicle to 37 percent for an equity fund that added more money to a vehicle already in place at the time of commitment.
- Impact Returns. Across this very diverse set of goals and vehicles, the set of impacts targeted and achieved are nearly impossible to report in the aggregate. We did note, however, that over 65 percent of the dollars deployed to date are using some sort of 3rd-party impact certification (usually B Corp certification or GIIRS Ratings, which include standard IRIS metrics), nearly another quarter of the dollars are being tracked by the organizations’ proprietary impact tracking systems, and 2 percent are tracking using standard metrics like IRIS without a 3rd-party component. This means that over 90 percent of these new investments are tracking impact for their stakeholders.
The Big One: Carbon Efficiency Strategy
The lessons of this group will be rich for many wanting to understand and explore the potential of impact investing. To give a concrete example of just one of the investments, consider the $100 million investment into the Carbon Efficiency Strategy (CES), which is the largest individual investment made by this commitment group to date.
CES is a joint venture between The McKnight Foundation6 and Mellon Capital Management7 to offer carbon-conscious investors a way to invest in companies whose practices could reduce carbon emissions. As a broad U.S. stock fund with about 1000 holdings, it has helped McKnight tilt its investment toward companies that are producing fewer carbon emissions compared to peers.
According to Elizabeth McGeveran, Director of Impact Investing at McKnight Foundation, one of the 28 committer organizations, “McKnight used its investor position in the Carbon Efficiency Strategy to write to 170 companies in energy-intensive industries, asking them to report their greenhouse gas emissions. Of those companies, 12 became first-time reporters in 2015.”8
Looking over the first two years of this experiment, we at CASE i3 see tremendous activity and progress in the field of impact investing. We also see the U.S. National Advisory Board transitioning to a new program called the U.S. Impact Investing Alliance, chaired by Darren Walker of the Ford Foundation, and that the Social Impact Investing Taskforce evolved into the Global Social Impact Investment Steering Group (GSG) in August 2015, chaired by Sir Ronald Cohen. It is clear that cross-sector impact investing partnerships around the world are getting ever stronger. We look forward to many more lessons and positive returns, both financial and social, from this group and from impact investors more broadly.
Thank you to the 28 organizations and investors who committed over $2.5 billion to impact investing:
Abacus Wealth Partners
Arjuna Capital
Capricorn Investment Group
The Case Foundation
CCM Group
Cordes Foundation
Elevar Equity
Encourage Capital
Ford Foundation
Forsythia
Franciscan Sisters of Mary
The Grantham Foundation
Living Cities
MacArthur Foundation
The McKnight Foundation
Mission Measurement
Mission Point Capital Partners
The Nathan Cummings Foundation
Nia Global Solutions
Omidyar Network
Prudential
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
RBC Royal Bank
Social Finance
Sustainable America
Transform Finance
Vision Ridge Partners
Wallace Global Fund
Author Bio
Cathy Clark has been an active pioneer, educator and consultant for 25 years in the fields of impact investing and social entrepreneurship. In 2014, Clark was named one of America’s top 20 women working in philanthropy, social innovation and civic engagement. A professor at the Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship (CASE) at Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business, she founded the CASE i3 Initiative on Impact Investing and co-leads the Social Entrepreneurship Accelerator at Duke (SEAD), a USAID-funded global health accelerator with offices in Durham, NC and Nairobi, Kenya. She has coordinated global research across 15 universities using data from $4.5 billion of impact assets under management and from over 11,000 impact entrepreneurs in 29 countries. Clark was the sole academic member invited to David Cameron’s G8 Social Impact Investment Taskforce US National Advisory Board, and is currently working with the White House Office of Social Innovation and Civic Engagement to track over $1.5 billion in impact investment funding by US-based entities. She is co-author of The Impact Investor: Lessons in Leadership and Strategy for Collaborative Capitalism (2014), and tweets at @cathyhc.
References
1. Reports from the Social Impact Investment Taskforce, Global Social Impact Investment Steering Group, accessed October 16, 2016, http://socialimpactinvestment.org.
2. U.S. National Advisory Board on Impact Investing, accessed October 16, 2016, http://socialimpactinvestment.org.
3. Sheila Herrling, “Another Policy Win for Impact Investing,” The Case Foundation (April 26, 2016), http://casefoundation.org/blog/another-policy-win-for-impact-investing/.
4. “Impact Investment Clean Energy and Climate Solutions: 2015 Sector Highlights Report,” Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship (June 16, 2015), https://sites.duke.edu/casei3/files/2015/06/CASE-Impact-Investment-Clean-Energy-and-Climate-Solutions-2015-Sector-Highlights-Report.1.pdf.
5. “White House Roundtable on Impact Investing: CASE i3 Commitment Tracking Report #1.” Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship (September 16), accessed October 16, 2016, https://centers.fuqua.duke.edu/case/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2016/09/NAB-Infographic.pdf.
6. “Impact Investee: Mellon Capital Management: Carbon Efficiency Strategy,” The McKnight Foundation (updated December 2015), accessed October 16, 2016, https://www.mcknight.org/impact-investing/mellon-capital.
7. “Partnership for a Carbon Efficiency Strategy,” BNY Mellon (May 2016), accessed October 16, 2016, https://www.bnymellon.com/us/en/our-thinking/partnership-for-a-carbon-efficiency-strategy.jsp.
8. Elizabeth McGeveran, “Fighting Climate Change One Step at a Time,” The McKnight Foundation (June 18, 2015), accessed October 16, 2016, http://blog.mcknight.org/2015/06/elizabeth-mcgeveran-fighting-climate-change-one-step-at-a-time/.